Five

FIVE - THE SCIENCE OF DESIGN - Creating the Artificial
  THE LOGIC OF DESIGN: FIXED ALTERNATIVES
- Paradoxes of Imperative Logic
- Reduction of Declarative Logic
- Computing the Optimum
- Finding Satisfactory Actions

  THE LOGIC OF DESIGN: FINDING ALTERNATIVES
- Means-Ends Analysis
p 141
The condition of any goal-seeking system is that it is connected to
the outside environment through two kinds of channels: the
afferent, or sensory, channels through which it receives
information about the environment and the efferent, or motor,
channels through which it acts on the environment. [afferent and
efferent information].

The computer problem-solving program called GPS [...] exhibits
[...] how goal-directed action depends on building [a] bridge
between the afferent and efferent worlds. On the afferent [...]
side, GPS must be able to represent desired situations [...] as
well as the present situation. It must be able also to represent
*differences* between the desired and the present. On the efferent
side, GPS must be able to represent *actions* [...]. To behave
purposefully, GPS must be able to select [...] those particular
actions that are likely to remove the particular differences [...].
In the machinery of GPS, this selection is achieved through a
*table of connections*.

- The Logic of Search

  DESIGN AS RESOURCE ALLOCATION
- An Example from Highway Design
- Schemes for Guiding Search
p 147-148
... search processes may be viewed [...] as processes for seeking a
problem solution. But they can be viewed more generally as
processes for gathering information about problem structure that
will ultimately be valuable in discovering a problem solution.
[...] Here is an important direction for research in the theory of
design.


  THE SHAPE OF THE DESIGN: HIERARCHY
- The Generator-Test Cycle
- Process as a Determinant of Style

  REPRESENTATION OF THE DESIGN
- Problem Solving as Change in Representation
p 153
[Number scrabble and tic-tac-toe]

- Spatial Representation
- The Taxonomy of Representation

  SUMMARY - TOPICS IN THE THEORY OF DESIGN
p 155
As we draw up our curriculum in design -in the science of the
artificial- to take its place by the side of natural science [...],
it includes at least the following topics:
  The evaluation of designs:
    1. Theory of evaluation [...]
    2. Computational methods:
      a. Algorithms for choosing *optimal* alternatives [...]
      b. Algorithms and heuristics for choosing *satisfactory*
         alternatives
    3. The formal logic of design [...]
  The search for alternatives
    4. Heuristic search [...]
    5. Allocation of resources for search
  6. Theory of structure and design organization [...]
  7. Representation of design problems

  ROLE OF DESIGN IN THE LIFE OF THE MIND
p 157
Many of us are unhappy about the fragmentation of our society into
two cultures. [...] If we regret that fragmentation, then we must
look for a common core of knowledge [...]. A common understanding
of our relation to the inner and outer environments that define the
space in which we live [..] can provide at least part of that
significant core.

Music is one of the most ancient of the sciences of the artificial.